LONEITUTE THIAN
Loneitu Hriat Tur Puanchhuahna
Loneitu Hriat Tur Puanchhuahna
Vermicomposting:
‘Vermes’ tih hi Changpat tihna a ni a. Vermicomposting tih awmzia chu changpat hmanga leitha siamdan tihna a ni. Changpat ek leithate hi vermicompost/ Black Gold etc. te an ti bawk. Vermicompost hian thlai in an mamawh chaw hrang hrang Macro Nutrients te, secondary nutrients te leh Micro Nutrients a pai mai bakah thlai thanna petu Hormones hrang hrang an pai bawk a. Tin, leithur (Acidic) lutuk tur a veng tel a, lei a natna (soil Borne Diseases) te pawh a ti tlem in thlai chaw siam theitu tangkai tak Biofertilizer hrang hrang a pai tel bawk a ni. Vermicompost hi a tangkai em avang hian leimur siam thatu an lo ti hial thin a ni.
I.Ecology of Earthworms :
Khawvelah hian changpat chi hrang hrang (species) 3000 vel dawn lai an awm a, chung zingan 500 vel dawn chu India ramah pawh an awm a ni. Heng changpatte hian nunphung (habit) hrang hrang an nei vek a , a thente chu khawi (culture) mai theih an nih laiin khawi theih miah loh lei chhunga cheng chite pawh an awm bawk. Changpatte hi an nunphung leh chaw an zawn dan (mode of feeding) a zirin category 3 ah then an ni.
A. Epeigeic : Heng ho hian lei chunglam ah chaw an zawng deuh ber thin. Thlai/hnim hnah tawihahte, bawngek thli/zun thli ah te an awm tlangpui. Lei chhungrilah an lut thuk theilo a, Khawi atan an hmang deuh ber thin.
E.g: Eusenia foetida, eudrilus eugenic, Perionyx excavates.
B. Endogeic: Heng ho hi chu lei chhunga cheng chi an ni. Hnim hnah (biomass) tawih an ei ve mang lo. Lei an ei duh ber avangin lei siamthatu (Soil processor) tha tak an ni. An awmna ngaiah awm lovin an awmna an sawn zing thin hle a ni.
E.g: Pentoscolex sps, Eutopeius sp etc.
C. Aneceic : Heng ho hi chu lei chhungril tak tak 10 ft thlengin an lut thei. Lei an ei a, tin hnim hnah tawih an ei bawk. Zanah lei chhungril atangin chaw zawngin an lo chhuak thin.
E.g: Polypheretima elongate, Lampito marti etc.
II. Type of Vermicomposting/Vermiculture :
Hmun hrang hrangah Changpat khawi dan (method of composting culture) a in ang vek lem lo. Vermicompost(leitha) kan mamawh tam dan leh changpat chaw tur (biomass) kan neih dan a zirin a khawina pawh te deuh atanga lian deuh kan siam thei bawk. Changpat khawi dan an hman tlanglawn te chu hengte hi an ni.
A) Pit method : Hei hi khur neia changpat khawi dan a ni a. A khawina tur siamna a to deuh a ni mai a, leitha tam tham tak tak siam nan leh Vermiculture Hatchery (Changpat khawi punna) atan chuan duhthusam a ni. Hetah pawh hian tih dan hrang hrang a awm thei a, India ramah hian method 2 hman tlanglawn deuh a awm a. Pereek earthworm Eco-technology leh Pusa vermitech te hi an ni. Pareek earthworm Eco technology ah chuan a pit recommended size chu 40’x10’x2.5’(LxBxW) a ni. Tin, a chhuat hi cement tur a ni thung a, tin, a pit size recommended chu 205x1x.75M a ni.
B) Bed Method : Hetah hi chuan Vermicomposting hi lei/cement chhuatah Biomass kha an dah vum a, Changpat an khawi mai thin. Tin, leirawhchan emaw lung emaw a awm remchan chuan cement chhuatah bed (6x2ft) i.e (LxB) a lianin an rem kual a, hei hian biomass dah vumte kha a khuap a, tin, a enkawl chu a awlsam zawk a, amaherawhchu Pit method ai chuan a thar hlawk lo deuh a ni.
Heng method kan sawi bakah hian Vermicompost siamna tur ready made (Tetra Vermibio etc.) chi hrang hrang a awm bawk a ni.
III. Vermicomposts siam dan(Steps for Vermicomposting):
A. A khawina hmun thlan dan (Site selection): Vermicompost unit kan siamna hmun tur hi hmun dai/daihlim awmna deuh nithei se, ni kang lutukna hmun ang chi chu thlan loh tur a ni.
B. A hmanrua lakkhawm dan (Collection of Vermicomposting materials): Mizoramah chuan ruahtui kan ngah avangin hnim lakkhawm mai tur a tam a, amaherawh chu bawngek hi changpat chaw pawimawh tak a nih avangin heng kan hlo thlawhna/changel sahsawmte hi bawngek nen chawhpawlh thin tur a ni. Kawm nei(legume) leh kawm neilo(non-legume) biomass chawhpawlh hian vermi-compost quality hi a tha bik bawk.
C. A hmanrua sawngbawl dan (Pre-treatment of Wastes): Hnimhnah kan lakkhawmte kha chan hnuah bawngek nen 3:1 in kan chawhpawlh ang a, ni 10-15 tal hmun dai deuhah kan dah tawih phawt tur a ni.
IV.A khur dah dan(Feeding/Filling of composting unit):
A. Bed method : Hnim hnah kan lakkhawm ro tawh ho kha a chhuatah 15-20 cm a sangin kan dah phawt tur a ni. Hemi hnu hian bawngek nena kan chawhpawlh tawh ho kha bed kan siamah khan (6x2x2 ft size) in kan dah vum tur a ni. Hemi size ah hian biomass 1.5-2 qtl ang vel a dah theih. Hmun kan neih dan a zirin bed 2 a tanga 100 thleng pawh kan siam thei a ni. Heap kan siam zawhah chuan changpat (red worm)1500-2000 vel a chunglam atangin kan chhuah tur a ni. Changpat kan chhuah hnuah tui a hnawng tawk chauhvin kan pe tur a ni. A kuang (vermibed) hi kan vawng hnawng reng tur a ni a, a rem chuan Gunny bags (buara/polythene in a chung khuh a tha. Tin, ni 30 danah bed te hi kan chawklet tur a ni . Hei hian changpat tan boruak thawleng a siam a, a ti tawih chak bawk. Vermicompost te hi kan siam tan ni a tanga ni 50 na vela chuan a thar thei a ni.
B. Pit method : Hetah hian tih dan hrang hrang a awm thei ang . A thenah a chhuat cement a nih laiin a thenah chuan lei a ni thung a, chuvangin a chaw pek danah pawh tihdan a hrang thei a ni.
1) Pareek Earthworm Eco-technology : Hetah hia a chhuat hi lei a ni thung. Kan biomass lakkhawm leh bawngekte chawhpawlh kha ni 10-20 chhung tal dah tawih tur a ni. A kuang hi a len em a vangin changpat chaw pawh tam tham tak a ngai a ni. Biomass dah hmain a chhuatah lei chung hang 2inch vel a chhah kan dah phawt tur a ni. He method hian changpat chi hnih (Epeigic leh Anaeciec) te a hman avangin hei hi thil tul a ni. Hemi kan tih zawhah mother culture/Changpat kan dah leh tur a ni. Hemi hnu hian bawngek leh hnim hnah tawih deuh tawhte kha kan khur siamah 4inch vel a chhahin kan dah tur a ni. Hemi hnu hian tui a hnawng tham tawk kan pe tur a ni. Hetiang zel hian ni 10 dan zelah biomass te kha 4inch a chhahin kan dah zel tur a ni. Tin, ni 20 danah kan changpat chaw dahte kha kan chawk let thin tur a ni, tui pawh nitin biomass vawng hnawng tawk tur kan pe tur a ni.A bin a khah dawn thlengin kan pe tur a ni. A tlangpuiin ni 60-80 velah a seng theih thin a ni.
2) Pusa-Vermitech : Hetah hian a chhuat hi cement a ni a, amaherawhchu a chhuat hi kan siam awn tur a ni a, tui paih chhuahna kua kan siam tur a ni.A hnuai berah 2-3cm a sangin balu kan dah tur a ni. Hei hian changpatte hnuailama an kal tur a veng. Hemi chungah hian bawngek lo tawih deuh tawh 3-5cm vela chhahin dah leh tur a ni. Hnim hnah tawih deuh tawh kan lakkhawm te kha kan khur siamah khan a khat deuh thaw thlengin dah tur a ni. Hemi kan biomass dahkhawmte hi 1cm lek a chhahin leiin khuh leh tur a ni. Hemi hnu hian changpatte hi chhuah tur a ni. Tui pawh a khur tihnawng tawk turin pek thin tur a ni. Ni 30 danah chawhleh tur a ni a, hei pawh hian ni 50-60 vel compost turin a mamawh a ni.
V. A seng dan leh vawn that dan( Harvesting, Drying & Storage of Vermicompost):
Vermicompost te hi a seng hunah chuan thingpuife ang deuhin an mum hal a, tin an rawng pawh a dum deuh bawk. A seng a lo hunah tui pek kha tih tawp tur a ni. Seng hun hma ni 7-10 vel tal tui pek loh tur a ni, hemi hian changpatte kha hmun hnawng lam, a hnuai lamah a kal tir. Hemi hnu hian dimtea a chunglam atanga haikhawm tur a ni. A rem chuan kan compost sengte kha bawngek ni 10 vel a upa dahkhawm chungah dah phawt a tha, hei hian changpat tam tak kan seng turte kha hip khawm a, a hrik a ti awl sawt thin. Hetia tih a nih chuan ni 2 hnuah awlsam takin a thliar theih mai thin. Compost kan seng takte hi nisa a pho tur a ni lo. A chhan chu nisa hian a cocoon (a tui) a ti thi thei a ni. Amaherawhchu Pit method ah hi chuan khur tawp thleng a seng lovin 3-5 cm vel tal zuah thin tur a ni. Hengte hi compost siam leh hunah hman leh tur a nih avangin. Hetia kan hrik zawhah hian daihlimah/room chhungah bagah pack a dah thin tur a ni.
VI. Vermicompost in leithatna a pai tam dan:
| Organic Carbon(%) | 9.150-017.98 |
| Total Nitrogen(%) | 1.50-1.50 |
| Available Phosphorus(%) | 0.30-0.40 |
| Available Potassium(%) | 0.50-1.00 |
| Calcium & Magnesiu (meg/100) | 22.67-47.60 |
| Copper (ppm) | 2.00-9.30 |
| Iron(ppm) | 2.00-9.30 |
| Zinc(ppm) | 5.70-11.50 |
| Available sulphur (ppm) | 128.00-548.00 |
| Moisture(%) | 20-25 |
| Source : Azad thakur, 2006 |
Kan compost thar dan (quality ) a zirin a chunga kan tarlan Nutrient a pai tam dan hi a danglam theiin a rinawm.
VII. Vermicompost hman dan tlangpui (Doses):
Kan thlai chin dan a zirin Vermicompost te hi dose hrang hranga hman thin a ni. Thei kung nei chi angah te chuan a kung bulah dah tur a ni a. Tin , Nursery emaw pot-ah te chuan kan lei nen kan chawhpawlh ve thung tur a ni.
| Crops | Dose/Rate |
|---|---|
| Field crops | 5-6 tonne/Ha |
| Fruit crops | 3-5 kg/plant |
| Pots | 100.200 g/pot |
VIII. Vermicompost siam a thatna te :
Vermicompost hian a hnuaia mi ang hian thatna tam tak a nei a ni :-
1) Hnawmhnawk tawih thei, thlai kung leh hnim hnah leh ranek leh ningnawite tangkai taka hman a ni.
2) Leilung ti thatu rintlak tak a ni.
3) Thlai tichhe theitu rannung tenau te a ti tlem thei.
4) Lei a awm thir lam chiin lei a tihchhiatna a ti hniam.
5) A siamchhuahna a hautak lovin kan leilung leh boruak tan a him. Chemical tel lova buh leh thlai tharchhuah nana tha leh duhthusam a ni.’
6) Lo neituten awlsam takin sum tlemte chauh sengin leitha an siam thei.